Modern architecture started in the 20th century, where the ornamentation of the buildings were greatly reduces and simplified form of structures were used. It gave importance to the technological development and every design worked on the principle of "what we see and what we know is what we believe". Though the modern architecture was adopted in major parts of the world as one of the scientific achievements, by the end of world war II, some people started losing faith in science and rebelled against the authority who forced modernism upon them. They started to experiment on things beyond what we can see and thus the post modernism evolved. Thought post modernism started around 1950, it became a movement in the early 1980's.
Some of the well known post modern architects are Robert Venturi who is known for his 'Chestnut hill house' in Pennsylvania and Guild house' in Philadelphia, Michael Graves who is known for his 'Disney swan and dolphin Hotel resort' in Disney world, Orlando and 'Portland public service building' in Oregon. There were many other famous architects involved in this movement namely Charles Moore, James Sterling etc...
CLASSICISM:
Classicism in architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance, notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi. It places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome, of which many examples remained.
Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere.
ROMANTIC REVIVAL:
The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Its popularity grew rapidly in the early 19th century, when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval forms, in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time.
In England, the centre of this revival, it was intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic self-belief (and by the Catholic convert Augustus Welby Pugin) concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism. Ultimately, the style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century.
The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals and curiosities. As industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the picturesque such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society and portrayed pre-industrial medieval society as a golden age. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation.
Reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism
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